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Epilepsy: what it is, types & causes

What Is Focal Epilepsy?

Last updated 29 October 2026 · 8 min read · By Sarah M., Support Coordinator
In short

What is focal epilepsy? It is epilepsy in which seizures start in one small region of the brain, rather than across both sides at once. About 60% of people with epilepsy have focal seizures, according to Epilepsy Action Australia.

For the basics, start with the definition of epilepsy. This guide explains focal seizure types, the older names you may still hear, how children are affected, and where to find support in Australia.

Key points

  • Focal seizures start in one region of the brain, and the person may stay fully aware or have changes in awareness and responsiveness.
  • Older names such as partial seizures and complex partial seizures describe the same broad group that doctors now call focal seizures.
  • A focal seizure may progress to a tonic-clonic seizure, so each person’s seizure management plan matters.
  • Your GP or neurologist can explain what a diagnosis, cause and treatment mean for you or your child.
Focal epilepsy at a glance
What it isEpilepsy where seizures start in one small region of the brain
Older namesPartial epilepsy, partial seizures, complex partial seizures
Who assesses itYour GP, who may refer you to a specialist
Support availableMedical care, seizure management planning, and day-to-day support at home and in the community
NDIS relevanceFunding is possible if you meet the NDIS access requirements and the support is reasonable and necessary
Official sourceEpilepsy Action Australia

What is focal epilepsy? Focal onset epilepsy explained

In 2017 the International League Against Epilepsy revised its classification into three groups: focal, generalised and unknown onset. Focal means the seizure starts in one small region of the brain.

Seizure typeWhat it means
Focal awareThe person is fully aware during the seizure.
Focal impaired awarenessThe seizure affects awareness and responsiveness.
Focal to tonic-clonicA focal seizure that progresses to a tonic-clonic seizure.

Ask your neurologist which type applies to you.

Are focal seizures epilepsy?

Focal seizures are one kind of seizure that can be part of epilepsy, and your doctor decides whether a person has epilepsy.

  • Not every seizure means a person has epilepsy, so a proper medical assessment is needed.
  • Your doctor can explain how they assess seizures and what tests may be needed.
  • Focal seizures are one of the main groups in the current classification, alongside generalised and unknown onset.
  • Keep a short note or video, if it is safe and appropriate, of what you or your child experience to show your doctor.

For other seizure and epilepsy types, see the different types of epilepsy.

What is partial epilepsy and complex partial epilepsy?

Partial is the older word for focal, and you will still see it in books, websites and medical letters.

  • Partial epilepsy: an older term for epilepsy with focal seizures that start in one region of the brain.
  • Complex partial seizures: an older label now usually described as focal seizures with impaired awareness.
  • Simple partial seizures: an older label for seizures where the person stays aware, now called focal aware seizures.
  • Why it matters: if old paperwork uses these terms, ask your specialist to explain the current wording for your records.
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We provide reliable, caring support workers for people with disability in Sydney and Melbourne. Send us a referral to talk about the support you need.

Make a referral →

Occipital, parietal and Jacksonian epilepsy

Some names for focal epilepsy refer to where in the brain seizures begin. Your specialist can tell you which, if any, applies.

NameWhat the name usually refers to
Occipital lobe epilepsy (occipital epilepsy)Focal seizures that start in the occipital lobe of the brain.
Parietal lobe epilepsyFocal seizures that start in the parietal lobe of the brain.
Jacksonian epilepsyA name sometimes used for a type of focal seizure; ask your specialist what it means for you.

Focal epilepsy in children and benign focal epilepsy of childhood

Children can have focal seizures too, and a paediatrician or paediatric neurologist usually leads their assessment.

  • Benign focal epilepsy of childhood is a name used for some childhood epilepsies; see our guide to benign rolandic epilepsy.
  • Talk to your child’s doctor about what a diagnosis such as benign focal epilepsy means for their schooling and activities.
  • Our guide to childhood epilepsy explains more about how seizures affect children and families.
  • Give the school, early learning centre and carers a copy of your child’s seizure management plan from their doctor.

Focal epilepsy causes

Doctors look for a cause in each person, but causes vary and are not always found.

  • Ask your specialist what tests or scans they recommend and what they may show.
  • Read about possible causes in our guide to what can cause epilepsy.
  • Read about what can trigger epilepsy, which is a different question from the cause.
  • Do not assume a cause from a website; your medical team can explain what applies to you.

Focal epilepsy treatment and support

Treatment is decided by your doctor, based on your situation, so this section describes support rather than recommending any option.

  • Your GP or specialist will explain medical options and the risks and benefits of each.
  • Never start, stop or change a medicine without talking to your GP, specialist or pharmacist first.
  • Ask for a written seizure management plan and keep a copy where carers and support workers can find it.
  • Help with everyday life can include support workers, and our guide to high intensity supports explains one type of NDIS support.

Daily life with focal seizures

Practical routines make a difference, and they work best when the person leads decisions about their own life.

  • Share the seizure management plan with family, flatmates, support workers, employers and school staff.
  • Agree who stays with the person during and after a seizure and who to call.
  • Plan activities with the person, such as swimming or cooking, and ask the doctor about any safety precautions.
  • Learn about whether epilepsy is a disability if you are thinking about work or the NDIS.

NDIS and other support for epilepsy

NDIS funding is only available if you meet the NDIS access requirements, and each plan is individual.

  1. Ask your doctor for a letter describing how epilepsy affects your daily life.
  2. Keep a simple diary of seizures and support needs to bring to a planning meeting.
  3. Talk to your plan team about support for personal care, community access or help at home.
  4. Our high-care and complex support page explains how TQN Care supports people with higher needs.

When to talk to a GP or specialist

Talk to a doctor soon about any of the following, and call 000 in an emergency.

  • You or your child have had a first seizure, or something that might have been a seizure.
  • Seizures are happening more often, or look different from the usual pattern.
  • You have questions about a medicine, side effects or a missed dose.
  • Seizures are affecting work, school, driving or safety at home.
  • You are unsure what your seizure management plan says or need it updated.
Want to work with TQN Care?

We provide reliable, caring support workers for people with disability in Sydney and Melbourne. Send us a referral to talk about the support you need.

Make a referral →

Your next step

Living well with epilepsy often means having the right people around you. TQN Care’s high-care and complex support workers help people across Sydney, Melbourne and surrounding areas (NSW & VIC) with everyday life at home and in the community. Our workers do not provide medical treatment. If you would like to talk about support, send us a referral and we will take it from there.

SM
Sarah M., Support CoordinatorTQN Care is a registered NDIS provider supporting people across Sydney, Melbourne and surrounding areas (NSW & VIC).
Common questions

FAQs about focal epilepsy

What is focal epilepsy? +

Focal epilepsy is epilepsy in which seizures start in one small region of the brain. In the 2017 classification, focal is one of three groups, alongside generalised and unknown onset. A person may stay fully aware or have changes in awareness, and your GP or specialist can explain what it means for you.

Are focal seizures epilepsy? +

Focal seizures can be part of epilepsy. They start in one small region of the brain, and about 60% of people with epilepsy have them. A doctor needs to assess whether a person has epilepsy, so see your GP or specialist if you are worried.

What is partial epilepsy? +

Partial epilepsy is an older term for epilepsy with focal seizures, which start in one region of the brain. Focal is the current term in the 2017 classification. If your records use the old term, ask your specialist to explain the current wording.

What is complex partial epilepsy? +

Complex partial was an older label for seizures that affect awareness, now usually described as focal impaired awareness seizures. The wording has changed over time, so ask your neurologist what your diagnosis means today. Your seizure plan matters more than the label.

Can focal seizures become tonic-clonic seizures? +

Yes. Epilepsy Action Australia states that a focal seizure may progress to a tonic-clonic seizure. Follow the person’s own seizure management plan, and call 000 if you are worried or the plan says to. Talk to your specialist about what applies to you.

References

Sources

  1. Seizure types and classification — Epilepsy Action Australia
  2. Seizures — healthdirect Australia
  3. Epilepsy Action Australia — Epilepsy Action Australia
  4. Epilepsy Foundation — Epilepsy Foundation
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