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Autism: what it is, causes & facts

What Causes Autism?

Last updated 28 October 2026 · 8 min read · By Sarah M., Support Coordinator
In short

What causes autism? No single cause has been identified, but family and twin studies show genetics plays a part. Large studies have found no causal link between autism and vaccines, or between autism and paracetamol in pregnancy.

This guide explains what is known, what is not, and where to get support in Australia. For the basics, start with what autism is.

Key points

  • No single cause of autism has been identified; family and twin studies show genetics plays a part.
  • Large studies find no causal link between vaccines and autism, and none between paracetamol in pregnancy and autism.
  • The chance of having another autistic child is estimated at around 1 in 5, according to the Autism Association of Australia.
  • If you have questions, a GP can refer you to a specialist, and Autism Connect on 1300 308 699 is a free national helpline.
What causes autism at a glance
Short answerNo single cause identified; genetics plays a part
Family recurrenceThe chance of having another autistic child is estimated at around 1 in 5 (Autism Association of Australia)
Where to startTalk to your GP about assessment
Free helplineAutism Connect, 1300 308 699, 8am to 7pm Monday to Friday
Vaccines and paracetamolNo causal link with autism found in large studies

What causes autism? What research shows

What causes autism is still being studied, and no single cause has been identified.

  • Family and twin studies show genetics plays a part: one large study found 77% concordance in identical twins.
  • Several factors may be involved, and they may differ between autistic people.
  • Vaccines and paracetamol in pregnancy have been studied closely, and large studies found no causal link.
  • Research is ongoing, and the Autism CRC and Raising Children Network share current findings in plain language.

How does autism happen in the brain?

Scientists are still studying how autism relates to brain development, and there is no simple answer yet.

  • Autism is not something you catch from another person, an illness or a vaccine.
  • Some people are recognised as autistic in childhood, and others later in life.
  • Autism is a developmental difference, and every autistic person is different.
  • For the history of how our understanding has changed, read the history of autism.

What is the main cause of autism? Genetics and family history

The Autism Association of Australia says the chance of having another autistic child is estimated to be around 1 in 5, and one large study found 77% concordance in identical twins (Autism Association of Australia).

  • No one main cause has been identified, but these family and twin figures show genes play a part.
  • A higher chance in a family is not a certainty, so talk to your GP about your own family history.
  • Autism is assessed by qualified professionals, not by an at-home genetic test.
  • For more detail, read is autism genetic.
Looking for NDIS support at home?

TQN Care support workers help with personal care, community access, respite and help around the home across Sydney, Melbourne and surrounding areas (NSW & VIC). Tell us what you need and we will call you back.

Make a referral →

Environmental causes of autism: what is and is not supported

What causes autism? Parents often wonder whether something in pregnancy, birth or childhood was responsible. Here is what the evidence says on common questions.

QuestionWhat the evidence says
Vaccines and autismThe Department of Health states there is no established link between vaccines and autism, and the MMR vaccine does not cause autism (Department of Health).
Paracetamol in pregnancyThe Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences found large-scale studies show no causal link (AAHMS).
IVF and autismResearch is ongoing; talk to your fertility specialist, obstetrician or GP about your own situation.
Lack of oxygen at birthBirth complications are a medical matter; ask your obstetrician or paediatrician what applies to your child.
Parenting styleIf you worry you caused your child’s autism, talk to your GP or call Autism Connect on 1300 308 699.

Read more in our guide on whether vaccines can cause autism.

Autism prevention: can you avoid autism?

Because no single cause of autism has been identified, there is no proven way to avoid it, and no one should be blamed.

  • Be very cautious about any product or program that claims to prevent or cure autism, and check with your GP first.
  • Avoiding vaccines will not prevent autism, as there is no established link between vaccines and autism.
  • Pregnancy and early childhood health care are important for every child, whether or not they are autistic.
  • Early recognition and support can help a child communicate and take part in the way that suits them.
  • Read about autism and neurodiversity to see why some autistic people reject the language of cures.

Autism assessment, symptoms and support in Australia

If you wonder whether you or your child may be autistic, the first step is a conversation with your GP.

  1. Write down what you notice. Note communication, play, sensory reactions and routines, with examples from home, school or work.
  2. Book a GP appointment. Bring your notes and ask about a referral for assessment.
  3. Attend the assessment. A qualified professional looks at development and daily life and can say whether someone is autistic; an online checklist cannot.
  4. Ask about supports. Ask what therapy, education and community supports might suit, and how to record your goals.

Our guide to the symptoms of autism explains what families often notice, and the autism statistics for Australia show how common autism is.

Autism and the NDIS

If you meet the NDIS access requirements, the NDIS may fund supports for daily life. Read about autism funding under the NDIS for what to prepare.

  • Keep a diary of support needs before your planning meeting.
  • Bring assessment reports and therapy letters.
  • Describe goals in your own words.

When to talk to a GP or specialist

Still wondering what causes autism? Questions about your own family are best discussed with someone who knows you or your child. Call 000 in an emergency.

  • You are worried that your child is not communicating, playing or responding in the way you expected for their age.
  • You have noticed that you, as an adult, have always found social situations and sensory environments harder than others do.
  • A teacher, childcare worker or health professional has suggested an assessment would be helpful.
  • You are pregnant or planning pregnancy and want advice about family history or medicines.
  • You feel overwhelmed and want to talk to someone; call Autism Connect on 1300 308 699 (Amaze).
Looking for NDIS support at home?

TQN Care support workers help with personal care, community access, respite and help around the home across Sydney, Melbourne and surrounding areas (NSW & VIC). Tell us what you need and we will call you back.

Make a referral →

Your next step

Understanding the causes is only one part of the picture; the daily support that suits you or your child matters too. TQN Care supports autistic people at home and in the community with personal care, community access and respite. See our full range of TQN Care NDIS services and tell us what you need.

SM
Sarah M., Support CoordinatorTQN Care is a registered NDIS provider supporting people across Sydney, Melbourne and surrounding areas (NSW & VIC).
Common questions

FAQs about what causes autism

How does autism occur? +

No single cause has been identified. Family and twin studies show genetics plays a part, and large studies have found no causal link with vaccines or paracetamol in pregnancy.

Are you born with autism? +

Autism is a developmental difference, and genetics plays a part. Some children are recognised in early childhood, while others are recognised in the school years or as adults. Your GP can talk through any questions about your own situation.

How do people get autism? +

Autism is not caught from another person, and large studies have found no causal link with vaccines. Genetics plays a part. The Autism Association of Australia estimates the chance of another autistic child in a family is around 1 in 5.

How can you prevent autism? +

There is no proven way to prevent autism. Large studies have found no causal link between vaccines and autism, or paracetamol in pregnancy and autism, so avoiding these will not prevent it. Be wary of products that claim to prevent autism, and talk to your GP about any concerns.

References

Sources

  1. Causes of autism — Autism Association of Australia
  2. Evidence Brief dispels myths of causal link between autism, paracetamol and vaccines — Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences
  3. Childhood vaccinations: your questions answered — Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  4. Autism Connect – national autism helpline — Amaze
  5. Autism — Raising Children Network
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